Author(s): Andre Arsenault, Rene J. Belland, Trevor Goward, Steven G. Newmaster, Dale Vitt
Date: 31-Mar-00
Source:
Number on Library Shelf: 3

This project examined the patterns of bryophyte and lichen diversity in cedar-hemlock forests of interior and coastal British Columbia. Our study provides a better understanding of the distribution ecology of bryophytes and lichens, and the relationship between sensitive species and their habitat and offers insight that can be used to minimize the impact of forestry operations on biological diversity.
 

Author(s): Trevor Goward, Toby Spribille
Date: 28-Feb-02
Source:
Number on Library Shelf: 4

Northwestern North America in renowned for its coastal temperate rainforests. Recently there has been a movement to include the inland wetbelt forests of southeastern British Columbia and adjacent Idaho and Montana in the rainforest formation. In this paper we propose a biological circumscription of the inland rainforest formation using oceanic lichens as key discriminators. We recognize a perhumid inland rainforest occurring on the windward slopes of the Columbia and Rocky Mountains between about 51degrees N and 54 degrees N. The rainforest attributes of other portions of the inland wetbelt are discussed in light of lichenological evidence. Epiphytic lichens are shown to be highly sensitive indicators for the recognition of varying degrees of "rainforestness". An index of rainforestness is proposed.
 

Author(s): Trevor Goward
Date: 01-Jan-98
Source:
Number on Library Shelf: 14

The distributional ecology of the tree-dwelling "hair lichens" Bryoria fremontii and B. pseudofuscescens is examined, based on observations in high elevation conifer forests of inland British Columbia. Seven obvious microscale and mesoscale patterns are reported for one or both of these species (1) a failure to successfully colonize branches occurring below the upper limit of the winter snowpack (2) an occurrence in much lower abundance over the outer, foliated portions of branches than over the inner, defoliated portions of the same branches: (3) a tendency to periodic die-off in the outer, foliated branches, but not the inner, defoliated branches; (4) a development of disproportionately heavier loadings over old, senescent trees than over young, vigorously growing trees of similar size: (5) the ability to colonize all levels of the forest canopy, including the upper crowns of trees: (6) an anomalously higher biomass in young stands growing in exposed sites than in young stands growing in sheltered sites: (7) a development of considerable biomass in poorly illuminated stands that are nevertheless well ventilated. Based on these observations, the main distributional features of these species, and of Bryoria as a whole, are assumed to reflect a pronounced sensitivity to prolonged wetting, especially as a result of snowmelt. Other environmental factors are apparently less important at least in the study area.

Author(s): Trevor Goward
Date: 28-Nov-99
Source:
Number on Library Shelf: 48

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relation of wind to hair lichen dispersal in high elevation ESSF forests. In keeping with the importance of hair lichens to the ecology of Mountain Caribou, special emphasis will be placed on those species prominent in the winter diet of these animals.
 

Author(s): Pers-Anders Esseen, Karl-Erik Renhorn, Roger B. Pettersson
Date: 28-Feb-95
Source: Ecological Applications 6: 228- 238
Number on Library Shelf: 49

To maintain biodiversity in managed forests we must understand the patterns and processes that regulate the occurrence and dynamics of species in undisturbed ecosystems. We compared biomass and species composition of canopy lichens on 180 lower branches of Norway spruce (Picea abies) in three pairs of old-growth and managed (selectively logged) stands in northern Sweden (30 branches per stand). The purpose was to evaluate the effect of substrate quality (branch characteristics) on patterns of lichen biomass for two different growth forms (foliose and fructicose). Old-growth stands had six times higher lichen mass per spruce branch, and two times higher expressed as percentage of branch mass, compared to mature stands of managed forest. Lichen mass was strongly related to mass, diameter and age of branches. Fruticose, pendulous species (Alectoria sarmentosa and Bryoria spp.) were highly sensitive to forest practices. In contrast, type of forests had no significant effect on foliose species. Species number per stand was the same (15 species) in both types of forests, but there were marked differences in the relative abundance of different lichen groups. Results suggest that limited amount of substrate (i.e. small branches) available to lichens, and young branches, providing only a short time for lichen colonization and growth, are important factors limiting epiphytic lichen abundance in managed forests. Conversion of old-growth forests into young, managed stands will lead to a significant reduction in epiphytic lichen mass. This in turn may probably affect nutrient cycling in forests and has negative consequences for animals that utilize canopy lichens as food, shelter or nesting material.
 

Author(s): Pers-Anders Esseen, Karl-Erik Renhorn
Date: 13-Feb-98
Source: Conservation Biology 12: 1307-1317
Number on Library Shelf: 50

Increased amount of edge habitat is one of several important consequences of forest fragmentation. Consequently, we must understand the responses of plants and animals to edges to formulate adequate recommendations for conservation and biodiversity. Epiphytic lichens are a well-suited subject for a study of abiotic edge effects because they gain nutrients and water directly from the atmosphere. We present a temporal model of edge effects on lichens based on empirical data for the pendulous, fruticose species Alectoria sarmentosa. Ten high-contrast edges of different age between mature Picea abies forest and large clearcuts (10-260 ha) were studied in northwestern Sweden. Abundance of A. sarmentosa (mass on 1-m branch sections and maximum thallus length per tree) was estimated in the lower canopy in four 10 X 50 m2 plots located 5-100m into the forest. The abundance of A. sarmentosa was significantly affected by both distance from the edge and site location. Maximum edge effects extended 25-50m into the forest at moderately exposed sites. The major factor reducing lichen abundance was physical damage by strong wind. Large, pendulous lichens such as A. sarmentosa are prone to thallus fragmentation. At older edges lichen abundance had recovered inside the edge (20-30m), probably due to increased growth in response to increased irradiance. Our analysis supports the view that edge effects may be strongly dynamic over time and caused by the interaction of several factors. We conclude that epiphytic lichens have large potential as indicators of forest edge effects.
 

Author(s): Eric M. Rominger, Lydia Allen-Johnson, John L Oldemeyer
Date: 24-May-94
Source:
Number on Library Shelf: 51

To better understand the effects of partial cutting on arboreal lichen biomass production within woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) habitat, lichen was hand picked from 1228 branches on 307 subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) trees in Idaho (ID), and in British Columbia (BC). Lichen biomass from partially cut stands was compared with biomass on trees from adjacent uncut stands at each site. Arboreal lichen biomass did not differ significantly between uncut and partially cut stands. Live branches had more lichen than dead branches. Species composition of arboreal lichen changed in partially cut stands compared with adjacent uncut stands. The ratio of live to dead branches was substantially different within the BC partial cut.
 

Author(s): Peter N. Neitlich, Bruce McCune
Date: 28-May-96
Source: Conservation Biology
Volume 11 Issue 1 Page 172 - February 1997
Number on Library Shelf: 54

Understanding within-stand variation in diversity of epiphytes will provide an improved basis for producing timber while conserving biological diversity. Two 80-ha, 50-year-old managed stands of conifers were surveyed to locate 0.4 ha putative "diversity" plots, the areas appearing most diverse in lichen epiphytes. These plots were generally located in areas made heterogeneous by canopy gaps, wolf trees (trees with large-diameter lower branches), and old-growth remnant trees. "Matrix" plots, in contrast, were chosen at random from the remaining, more homogenous forest. Diversity plots hosted from 25% to 40% more epiphytic lichen species than matrix plots in both stands. The strongest within-stand gradients in species composition were correlated with species richness (r=0.79). In the more structurally diverse stand, diversity and abundance of nitrogen-fixing "cyanolichens" were correlated with percentage of the plot occupied by gaps (0.5 < r < 0.0), and alectorioid lichens were correlated with percentage of plot occupied by old-growth remnant trees (0.5 < r < 0.6). In the stand with more homogenous structure, percentage of plot under gaps was correlated with regionally common species that were otherwise absent or sparse in the matrix. Protecting gaps, hardwoods, wolf trees, and old-growth remnant trees during thinning of other partial cutting is likely to promote the majority of epiphytic macrolichens in young conifer forests. Because these features are easily recognized on aerial photos and on ground by land managers, it is practical to manage for forest structures that would promote lichen diversity.
 

Author(s): M.L. Beets, D.E. Russell
Date: 01-Jun-76
Source:
Number on Library Shelf: 58

Many authors indicate the importance of lichens as a food source of ungulate species (Baskin, 1970; Kelsall, 1968; Edwards and Ritcey, 1959, Cowan, 1945). The apparent importance in B.C. of arboreal lichens has resulted in the initiation of a few studies of lichen ecology (Ahti, 1962; Edwards, Soos and Ritcey, 1960; Rochelle, in prep.). In conjunction with this research an up-to-date literature review would be advantageous to introduce interested readers to the ecology of lichens, with special reference to arboreal lichens, and to the results of research on ungulate/arboreal lichen interactions. Special attention will be paid to mountain caribou dependence on arboreal lichens.
 

Lichens of the Coastal Forest Chronosequences

Author(s): Katherine A. Enns
Date: 01-Jan-98
Source: Pages 103-105 in J.A. Trofymow and A. MacKinnon, editors.
Proceedings of a workshop on Structure, Process, and Diversity in Successional Forests of Coastal British Columbia, February 17-19, 1998, Victoria, British Columbia. Northwest Science, Vol. 72 (special issue No. 2).
Number on Library Shelf: 59

http://www.pfc.forestry.ca/ecology/chrono/sfrw/32enns.pdf

In 1992, the Canadian Forest Service established the Coastal Forest Chronosequence project in age sequences of coastal temperate rainforests on Southern Vancouver Island. They were established to investigate several key questions about the conversion of old-growth forests to younger seral stages. Old forests are habitat to a variety of species with small home ranges or poor dispersal capability, including lichens. Conversion of large areas may therefore result in the decline of some lichen species. A brief examination of lichens on branches from the chronosequences sampled in 1995 and compare this sample to a more detailed sample series taken from a single chronosequence in 1996.
 

Author(s): Cameron Gillies, John Boulanger
Date: 01-Feb-01
Source: Prepared for Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program
Number on Library Shelf: 74

http://www.cbfishwildlife.org/reports/pdfs/lichen01.pdf

Concern about the dependence of mountain caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) on economically important older Western Red Cedar and Hemlock forests for arboreal lichen in British Columbia initiated the LaForme creek lichen enhancement project. This project was undertaken in the LaForme Creek drainage of the North Columbia Mountains under the auspices of the “Mountain Caribou in Managed Forests” program. The aim was to determine if girdling selected trees in second growth stands increased the quantity of arboreal lichen and lichen litterfall.
 

Effects of Partial Cutting on Arboreal Lichens Used by Mountain Caribou.

Author(s): Susan Stevenson and Darwyn Coxson
Date: February 1999
Source: Pp. 663-664 in L.M. Darling, ed. 2000. Proc. Conf. on the Biology and Manage. Species and Habitats at Risk, Kamloops, B.C., 15-19 Feb., 1999. Vol. 2; B.C. Minist. Environ., Lands and Parks, Victoria, BC, and Univ. College of the Cariboo, Kamloops, BC. 520pp.
Number on Library Shelf: 135

http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/mc08stevenson.pdf

About 10 years ago, managers began to experiment with partial cutting rather than clear cutting in mountain caribou habitat. The rationale was to determine whether it was possible, through use of non-clear cutting silvicultural systems, to harvest timber and also maintain the habitat attributes that are critical to caribou (Stevenson et al. 1994). Much has been learned from those early trials about layout, harvesting practices, and short-term impacts on timber values and caribou habitat attributes (Jull et al. 1996, Cariboo Forest Region 1997, Jull and Stevenson 1999). A new generation of operational partial cutblocks is under way, building on the results of the earlier trials (Waters 1996, Armleder et al.2000, Stevenson et al. 1999). Recently, the move to improve biodiversity conservation by patterning forest management after the characteristic natural disturbance regime (Province of British Columbia1995, Voller and Harrison 1998) has given added impetus to the use of partial cutting in the forests of the Interior Cedar–Hemlock and Engelmann Spruce–Subalpine Fir biogeoclimatic zones in southeastern British Columbia. Most mountain caribou range is characterized by a natural disturbance regime in which stand-destroying events are infrequent, and regeneration occurs largely through the death of individual trees or small groups of trees. Single-tree selection and group selection resemble the natural disturbance regime in these stands more than do even-aged silvicultural systems. However, no silvicultural system perfectly imitates nature. Partially cut stands typically differ from natural stands in several ways: more trees are usually removed in a harvest entry than would die naturally; few dead trees are left standing after a harvest entry; and, over time, more and more of the trees are in younger age classes. Partial cutting can affect mountain caribou in a variety of ways. Here we discuss only the effects of partial cutting on the main winter foods of mountain caribou, the arboreal lichens Bryoria spp. and Alectoria sarmentosa. The most immediate impact is the loss of the arboreal lichens on the trees that are felled for harvest. Sometimes caribou forage on the felled trees, but those lichens are available only briefly. The reduction in lichen biomass exceeds the level associated with merchantable timber removal, because eof the additional loss of lichens on dead or dangerous trees that are felled to ensure a safe work environment. The lichens on the remaining trees are exposed to more wind than they were exposed to before cutting. In extreme instances, due to topographic exposure, excessive timber removal, or both, much of the lichen in the residual stand maybe blown off. More commonly, increased exposure may result in a pulse of litter fall after harvesting, followed by stabilization. By opening up the canopy of a stand, partial cutting alters the canopy microclimate. We expect that at any given level in the canopy, the microclimate will be slightly windier, drier, and more extreme in temperature in a partially cut stand than in an unharvested stand. These microclimatic changes are likely to affect the physiological activity, growth rates, and fragmentation rates of the lichens in the canopy. So far, our studies of growth rates of lichens in the lower canopy of Engelmann spruce–subalpine fir stands indicate a decline in the growth rate of A. sarmentosa, but not necessarily of Bryoria spp., after partial cutting. These results suggest that a gradual shift in genus composition will occur, and are consistent with the stratification of epiphyte species in a forest canopy along a moisture gradient described by McCune (1993). As caribou select Bryoria spp. over A. sarmentosa in feeding trials (Rominger et al. 1996), such a shift in genus composition may not be unfavourable to them. Distances between old trees and many of the young trees will be greater in a partially cut stand than in an unharvested stand. Studies of dispersal of lichen propagules (Stevenson 1988, Dettki 1998) have shown that Bryoria spp. disperse effectively over much greater distances than A. sarmentosa. Bryoria colonization is likely to exceed background levels throughout the openings in a partial cut, but not necessarily in a clearcut. A. sarmentosa may be uncommon on young trees in the interior of openings, especially if it is limited to the lower canopy in the adjacent mature trees. Because of the altered age structure in a partially cut stand, a higher proportion of the substrate available for lichen growth will be young. Young branches support lower biomass of A. sarmentosa and Bryoria spp. than do old branches, even when the effect of branch size is controlled(Esseen et al. 1996). This may occur in part because Bryoria spp. grow more abundantly on the defoliated portions of branches than on the needle-bearing portions, and the defoliated parts constitute a higher proportion of old than young branches (Goward 1998).It seems clear that caribou-forage lichens will still be present in Interior wet-belt stands after partial cutting, that the total amount of available forage will be lower in partially cut stands than in uncut stands, and that the relative proportion of Bryoria spp. to A. sarmentosa will increase. There are many unanswered questions about the dynamics, magnitude, and functional processes associated with these changes. To address these questions, we are currently investigating the effects of the size and pattern of selection harvest openings on distribution and abundance, physiological functioning, growth and fragmentation, and litterfall rates of arboreal caribou-forage lichens in wet-belt forests east of Prince George.
 

Inland Old-Growth Rain Forests: Safe Haven for Rare Lichens?

Author(s): Trevor Goward, Andre Arsenault
Date: February 1999
Source: 759-766 in L.M. Darling, ed. 2000. Proc. Conf. on the Biology and Manage. Species and Habitats at Risk, Kamloops, B.C., 15-19 Feb., 1999. Vol. 2; B.C. Minist. Environ., Lands and Parks, Victoria, BC, and Univ. College of the Cariboo, Kamloops, BC. 520pp
Number on Library Shelf: 137

Lichens in which a cyanobacterial partner occurs can be referred to as “cyanolichens”. Such species are potentially important contributors to the nitrogen budgets of some conifer forest ecosystems. In the intermontane forests of BC, 31 epiphytic (tree-dwelling) cyanolichens are known to colonize conifers, including 12 species that can be considered rare of infrequent in the province as a whole. In this paper we present a simple key for predicting stand-level epiphytic cyanolichen diversity on conifers. The key is based on several readily mappable environmental factors and is useful at an operational scale. Maximum cyanolichen diversity is shown to occur in lowland old-growth rain forests established over nutrient-rich soils and subject to a rainfall pH above about 5.0. Such stands are generally restricted to the base of hill slopes in the wettest subzones of the Interior Cedar-Hemlock zone, where they not only support one of BC’s richest assemblages of rare cyanolichens, but also themselves represent one of the province’s rarest and most endangered forest ecosystems. Further work is urgently needed.
 

Author(s): Andre Arsenault and Trevor Goward
Date: February 1999
Source: Pp. 768-768 in L.M. Darling, ed. 2000. Proc. Conf. on the Biology and Manage. Species and Habitats at Risk, Kamloops, B.C., 15-19 Feb., 1999. Vol. 2; B.C. Minist. Environ., Lands and Parks, Victoria, BC, and Univ. College of the Cariboo, Kamloops, BC. 520pp
Number on Library Shelf: 138

Nearly half of BC’s rare tree-dwelling macrolichens have a cyanobacterium as photobiont. Such species can be referred to as epiphytic cyanolichens. As a group, epiphytic cyanolichens have a requirement for nutrient –rich substrates, including the bark of conifers. Viewed from this perspective the copious presence of cyanolichens over the bark of pines, spruces, hemlocks, and other members of the Pinaceae in some portions of northwestern North America would seem anomalous. We propose that this phenomenon must reflect nutrient enrichment from sources extraneous to the trees themselves. Enrichment may derive, for example, from air-borne dust, aerosols associated with the spray zones of waterfalls, or from nutrients present in the soil.
 

Ecological Characteristics of Inland Rain Forests

Author(s): Andre Arsenault and Trevor Goward
Date: February 1999
Source: Pp. 437-439 in L.M. Darling, ed. 2000. Proc. Conf. on the Biology and Manage. Species and Habitats at Risk, Kamloops, B.C., 15-19 Feb., 1999. Vol. 1; B.C. Minist. Environ., Lands and Parks, Victoria, BC, and Univ. College of the Cariboo, Kamloops, BC.
Number on Library Shelf: 139

In 1999 we initiated a project funded by Forest Renewal BC to compare and contrast inland rain forests with their coastal counterparts. This project had two components: 1) to study similarities and differences in disturbance ecology and forest dynamics and 2) to discern differential patterns of lichen and bryophyte diversity.
 

On the Vertical Zonation of Hair Lichens (Bryoria) in the Canopies of High Elevation Old growth Conifer Forests

Author(s): Trevor Goward
Date: 2003
Source: The Canadian Field-Naturalist Volume 117, Number 1 (Jan–Mar 2003)
Number on Library Shelf: 141

Three vertical zones of Bryoria abundance are recognized upper- and mid-elevation oldgrowth conifer forests in southern inland British Columbia. Zone A, with virtually no Bryoria, is restricted to the lower trunk and lowermost branches, where its upper boundary (the A/B threshold) corresponds roughly with the maximum settled depth of the winter snowpack. Zone B is located directly above Zone A, and supports Bryoria in variable amounts ranging from negligible to heavy; its upper boundary is defined by an abrupt increase in Bryoria at the B/C threshold. Above this is Zone C: a well ventilated region supporting maximum Bryoria loadings consisting predominantly of the nonsorediate species B. fremonti, B, pseudofuscescens, and Nodobryoria oregano. Bryoria loadings in Zone B benefit from litterfall from Zone C, in the absence of which, Zone B would predominantly support only the sorediate species B. fuscencens and B. glabra. Winters of exceptionally deep snow cause marked upward shifts in the A/B threshold, presumably resulting in reductions in the early winter availability of Bryoria to mountain caribou. This is expected to prolong early-winter migrations to lower elevations, where caribou depend on lichen-rich old growth forests. The existence of such forests is hypothesized to be integral to the long-term maintenance of healthy caribou populations.
 

Summary of Lichen Detection Using Remote Sensing Project to January 19, 2000

Author(s): Alan Norquay
Date: January 2000
Source: --
Number on Library Shelf: 146

www.cmiae.org/compendium/reference146.doc

The purpose of this project is to investigate the use of remote sensing technology to identify forest stands containing arboreal lichen, namely Alectoria spp and Bryoria spp. As this lichen forms an important component of the diet of mountain caribou, finding locations of particular interest to caribou would aid in forest management practices. To date it has generally been accepted that the lichen grows only on trees of a particular age. However, recent hypotheses have shown this is often erroneous, and they are often found on younger than expected stands, and many times not present on older stands.
 

Patterns of bryophyte and lichen diversity in interior and coastal cedar-hemlock forests of British Columbia.

Author(s): André Arsenault, René J. Belland, Trevor Goward, Steven G. Newmaster, Dale Vitt
Date: 2000
Source: Final report for Forest Renewal British Columbia SCBC# FR-96/97-389, FRBC#T096048
Number on Library Shelf: 148

www.cmiae.org/compendium/reference148.pdf

This project examined the patterns of bryophyte and lichen diversity in cedar-hemlock forests of interior and coastal British Columbia. Our study provides a better understanding of the distribution ecology of bryophytes and lichens, and of the relationship between sensitive species and their habitat and offers insight that can be used to minimize the impact of forestry operations on biological diversity. We investigated the patterns of lichen and bryophyte diversity at three scales of ecosystem organization: 1) at a within-stand scale examining microdistributional ecology of species on various substrates; 2) at a meso-scale focussing on differences in species distribution and abundance in forests of different ages; and 3) at broader geographical scales assessing landscape and regional differences in species composition and developing predictive tools for the distribution of cyanolichens. Our work mainly took place in the ICHmw, ICHwk, and ICHvk subzones of the Kamloops Forest Region and in the CWHvm subzone of the Vancouver Forest Region. Our studies on the distribution of cyanolichens on conifers also included information from various regions of the Northern Hemisphere. We found that many factors affect the patterns of bryophyte and lichen diversity in ICH and CWH forests. At a small scale the type and number of microhabitats are an important predictor of the number and type of species present. For example, conifer trees influenced by nearby Populus trees often have circumneutral bark pH and are strongly correlated with cyanolichen diversity. Other important habitats for bryophytes and lichens include large rotten logs, and large leaning trees and snags . At the stand level, the number of species of bryophytes and lichens is consistently higher in old-growth forests compared to young forests in both the Interior Cedar-Hemlock Zone and in the Coastal western Hemlock Zone. However, this relationship between species diversity and stand age is complex and will vary for certain groups of species across ecological gradients. For example old cedar-hemlock stands in the inland rainforests located on toe slope positions contain unique assemblages of epiphytic lichens, many of which are rare or infrequent, that are not found on adjacent old-growth forests located on mid-slope positions in the same biogeoclimatic variant. These findings clearly show that ecosystem representation at a finer scale than the biogeoclimatic variant is essential for the designation of old-growth management areas to minimize the loss of biological diversity in managed landscapes. Our data also clearly shows that no single stand management practice will satisfy the requirements of all sensitive lichens and bryophytes. Our detailed comparisons of macrolichen, Calicioid lichen, and bryophyte diversity in old and young unmanaged forests is unparalleled elsewhere in British Columbia and complements work comparing old-growth and young managed forests in other forests of the world. Some of our work is not only contributing to knowledge on the distribution ecology of cyanolichens in British Columbia but is also providing new insights into patterns observed at the scale of the Northern Hemisphere. We have presented our results in many operational forestry meetings, public meetings, provincial and international scientific conferences, peer reviewed Journal and Proceeding papers. Some of our findings have already assisted the land use planning in the Kamloops Forest Region.
 

Cyanolichens and conifers: implications for global conservation

Author(s): Trevor Goward and André Arsenault
Date: 2000
Source: For. Snow Landsc. Res. 75, 3: 303–318 (2000)
Number on Library Shelf: 149

www.cmiae.org/compendium/reference149.pdf

Based on a survey of 935 herbarium specimens collected from British Columbia, the substrate ecology and “lifezone” distribution of 48 species of epiphytic cyanolichens are broadly summarized. Conifers belonging to the Pinaceae provide habitat, in coastal regions, for at least 43 cyanolichen species, 12 of which occur exclusively on conifers. Hardwoods support a similar number of cyanolichens, but provide exclusive habitat for only four species. Cyanolichen diversity on conifer branches is shown to increase along a gradient of increasing summer precipitation. It is suggested that the occurrence of cyanolichens on conifer branches (i.e., the “CC phenomenon”) was formerly well developed in many parts of Europe, but has declined in response to increasing acid precipitation. According to this hypothesis, existing epiphytic lichen assemblages in Europe no longer express their full pre-industrial ecological amplitude. In contrast, conifers in Pacific North America apparently still support “pristine” epiphytic communities; this region should be accorded special emphasis for global cyanolichen conservation. The CC phenomenon may offer a highly sensitive early warning system of broad-scale acidification in eastern North America and other regions where industrial activity is increasing.
 

Canopy microclimate and arboreal lichen loading in subalpine spruce–fir forest

Author(s): 2001
Date: Jocelyn Campbell and Darwyn S. Coxson
Source: Can. J. Bot. 79: 537–555 (2001)
Number on Library Shelf: 151

http://wetbelt.unbc.ca/docs/campbell_and_coxson_20021.pdf

Hair lichen communities in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) – subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) forests of the northern Cariboo Mountains (British Columbia) show distinct vertical zonation. Alectoria sarmentosa reaches peak abundance in the lower canopy (over 35 kg/ha) whereas Bryoria spp. lichens reach peak abundance in the upper canopy (over 250 kg/ha). These distribution patterns are accentuated by stand structure with 6trees growing in clumps retaining significantly higher lichen loading on a per branch basis compared to solitary trees. The vertical zonation of lichen communities is accompanied by distinct trends in canopy microclimate. Snowmelt events account for the largest proportion of observed thallus hydration in both Alectoria and Bryoria. Although canopy microclimate is surprisingly isothermal during rainfall events, the attenuation of thallus hydration after wetting is typically greater for lower canopy exposures. An important exception to this pattern is seen under midwinter conditions, when solar insolation is insufficient to sustain prolonged lower canopy snowmelt. Our data support the hypothesis that ventilation in upper canopy exposures is a contributing factor in the vertical zonation of Alectoria and Bryoria communities. Upper canopy Bryoria rely more heavily on snowmelt events to sustain thallus hydration, whereas lower canopy Alectoria utilize summer rainfall events to a greater extent. We hypothesize that physiological mechanisms, through which these patterns of canopy microclimate influence lichen zonation, may include an intolerance to prolonged wetting by Bryoria and higher resaturation respiration costs in Alectoria, which would limit it to more mesic canopy exposures. We believe that the observed distribution of canopy lichens ultimately reflects the long-term interaction of both physiological and successional processes (lichen colonization and dispersal) within the canopy.
 

Author(s): Keith Simpson, Eliot Terry, Dennis Hamilton
Date: 01-May-96
Source:
Number on Library Shelf: 75

Existing BC Environment policy dictates that mountain caribou populations and their habitat should be managed to maintain existing populations at current levels. Hunting, human disturbance and predation are all recognized as important factors which must be carefully controlled, however, the threats to caribou habitat represent the greatest challenge. Any successful management strategy for mountain caribou must emphasize maintaining their habitat. The long term viability of mountain caribou in the province can only be achieved by establishing an interconnecting mosaic of reserves (both temporary and permanent) and integrated management areas throughout central and south-eastern British Columbia. In some cases, fully protected corridors should be established, while in other cases, an appropriate mix of land management practices should occur. The management strategy includes: definition of caribou herds, sub-populations and broad management areas; definition of key habitats and management requirements; clear definition of compatible management programs; monitoring of population trends to ensure viability of the sub-populations. The successful implementation of caribou management programs, which will certainly impact other resources, will require a plan to resolve the conflicts. The strategy to implement the management plan and resolve conflicts includes: prioritization of sub-populations; identification of criteria to assess socio-economic conflicts for each sub-population; definition of management options for caribou which reduce socio-economic conflicts; and definition of information needs and the research and monitoring programs which will support the strategic objectives above. Mountain caribou sub-populations have been identified and they have been ranked to indicate their relative importance to maintaining a viable population in the province. Closely linked large subpopulations have been given the highest priority. Smaller isolated sub-populations must also be managed, however, maintaining the contiguous core sub-populations in most important. Six linked sub-populations which make up 87% of the total population in B.C. include Hart Ranges, North Cariboo, Wells Gray north, Wells Gray south, Revelstoke and central Selkirks.

Author(s): Forest Practices Board
Date: 01-Mar-02
Source: Forest Practices Board special report
Number on Library Shelf: 76

http://www.fpb.gov.bc.ca/SPECIAL/investigations/SIR09/SIR09s.htm

This special investigation is about whether operational plans in an area by caribou in early winter meet the requirements of the Forest Practices Code of British Columbia Act, its regulations and its guidebooks (the Code.)
 

Author(s): Ian W. Hatter
Date: 01-Jan-00
Source: Pp 631-635 in L.M. Darling, editor. Proceedings of a conference on the biology and management of species and habitats at risk, Kamloops, British Columbia, 15-19 Feb. 1999. Volume 2. British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria,
Number on Library Shelf: 81

Mountain caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou, mountain/arboreal-lichen feeding ecotype) are currently Blue-listed in British Columbia. British Columbia currently has an estimated 22,450 mountain caribou, representing about 98% of the world population, distributed in 13 spatially disjunct subpopulations, which comprise a single metapopulation. Habitat fragmentation, reduction in winter food supply, human access and disturbance (including hunting and poaching), and predation have probably contributed to past declines in distribution and abundance. To meet national and international responsibilities for the long-term viability of mountain caribou, a provincial Mountain Caribou Conservation Strategy (MCSS) is being developed. The proposed vision is to 'maintain caribou and their habitat in perpetuity throughout British Columbia's mountain caribou range" and the proposed goals are to:

(1) maintain a population of greater or equal to 2500 mountain caribou, distributed throughout their current range in British Columbia; (
(2) enhance the recovery of threatened subpopulations;
(3) provide opportunities for integrated use of caribou habitats, and assess socioeconomic impacts; and
(4) provide opportunities for the use and enjoyment of mountain caribou.

A proposed conservation approach is outlined. Long-term conservation of the mountain caribou meta-population will require maintenance of caribou core old-growth habitats and protection of habitat linkages between subpopulations. Short-term persistence of several threatened subpopulations may require active participation of the provincial ministries of Environments and Forests, the forest industry, and other stakeholders.

Author(s): Trevor Kinley, Greg Utzig
Date: 31-Jul-01
Source: Unpl. Rpt. for BC Land Use Coordination
Office. Victoria, BC. 21pp. with Maps and Apps.
Number on Library Shelf: 82

This document outlines proposed revisions to those forest management guidelines and boundaries, and accompanies 1: 50000 mapping of zones and recommended habitat reserves. It is based in part on both the original caribou management area, and revised line work proposed by the Kootenay Regional Caribou Committee.
 

Author(s): Revelstoke and Area Land Use Planning Committee
Date: 01-Oct-99
Source:
Number on Library Shelf: 95

http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/dco/MAC/RLUPR99.pdf

These land use planning recommendations include mountain caribou into the local land use planning process.
 

Author(s): Keith Simpson, John P. Kelsall, Maria Leung
Date: 31-Mar-94
Source:
Number on Library Shelf: 97

This report is a response to a request from the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks for the development of draft guidelines for the integrated management of mountain caribou in southern British Columbia. The overall aim will be to provide a starting point for the development of comprehensive mountain caribou/forestry guidelines with the Ministry of Forests.
 

Author(s): Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks
Date: 31-Oct-97
Source: M. M. Paquet; 1997; 72 pp.; ISBN 0-7726-3438-6; MoELP, Wildlife Branch; technical;
Number on Library Shelf: 98

The purpose of this background report is to provide information regarding mountain caribou in British Columbia.
 

Author(s): BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection
Date: May 2002
Source:
Number on Library Shelf: 129

http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wld/comrec/crecintro.html

Lists Management Objectives, Impact Mitigation Guidelines and Success indicators for all BC mammals.
 

Author(s): Douglas Heard, Glenn Watts
Date: Feb 1999
Source: pp. 637-638 Proc. Conf. on the Biology and Manage. Species and Habitats at Risk, Kamloops, B.C., 15-19 Feb., 1999. Vol. 2; B.C. Minist. Environ., Lands and Parks, Victoria, BC, and Univ. College of the Cariboo, Kamloops, BC. 520pp.
Number on Library Shelf: 131

http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/mc02heard.pdf

Over the long term, mountain caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) conservation will almost certainly require the maintenance of connectivity among herds, but the characteristics of what constitutes connecting habitat are neither obvious nor easily determined. We felt that GPS (global positioning system) radio-collars might provide the frequency of location data required to detail caribou travel paths, and that those data might provide some indication of what might constitute caribou movement corridors. We collared 3 adult female caribou from the Yellowhead herd (Heard and Vagt 1998) east of Prince George, B.C. in spring 1996, and 4 caribou from the same herd in early 1997,using Lotek GPS 1000 radio-collars. A variety of technical failures reduced the number of times that the collars attempted to acquire a position from an anticipated 15,000 to only 4,000. Because only about 50% of the attempts were successful, we ended up with only 1,900 useable locations. To distinguish travelling from foraging and other movements, we used a nonlinear, curve-fitting approach on the log of the movement rate frequency data to separate activity bouts (Sibly et al. 1990). We distinguished 3 travelling (i.e. high movement rate) periods in our data set: 1 by caribou CA, and 2 by caribou CB.CA was travelling almost the entire time her collar functioned, which was from 29 March 1996 to 2 May 1996.During that period the collar obtained 138 useable location fixes, even though it was scheduled to do so every hour. CA moved generally east to west when travelling until she came to the eastern edge of the Bowron clearcut, an opening of roughly 7,000 km2 that was logged in about 1980. At that point she swung north, generally paralleling the clearcut boundary, but never entering or crossing, even when the opening narrowed near Tumuch Lake. She also appeared to avoid other smaller cutblocks scattered around the periphery of the Bowron clearcut and generally in her path of movement. The absence of any locations in cutblocks was not likely due to a bias in the GPS collar, since collars are more likely to be successful at obtaining a fix in the open than in the forest. CB’s collar functioned from 22 April 1997 until 29 June1998, obtaining 627 useable location fixes, with attempts scheduled every 6 hours. The first travelling period was in late June and July, when she moved in almost a straight line across the clearcut at Tumuch Lake and reversed her direction of movement only when encountering the Yellowhead Highway. If the location data and the highway map are both precise, CB appeared to have crossed the highway before turning around and recrossing, moving back up to higher elevation forests. She remained in the same general area until September, when her movement rate again increased substantially. At that time she descended to the highway, but did not appear to cross before turning around and returning to where she had come from and where she eventually spent the winter. Direct observations of caribou along the highway, and movements of radio-collared caribou that were documented during a previous study, indicated that caribou had on numerous occasions moved across the Yellowhead Highway. Moreover, they appeared to have crossed in, and only in, the same area where CB went but did not continue through. None of the caribou monitored in previous years crossed the clearcut at Tumuch Lake. Because of our small sample size and the variability between animals, we were unable to draw any conclusions about habitat connectivity characteristics from our data. CA appeared to be reluctant to cross the clearcut at Tumuch Lake at the same point where CB crossed, but CB did not cross the Yellowhead Highway on either of 2 occasions, even though many other caribou had done so previously. The large number of locations that GPS collars can provide has the potential to refine and improve our understanding of caribou habitat use, but only after a much larger number of individuals has been monitored.
 

Author(s): Harold Armleder, James Young and John Youds
Date: Feb 1999
Source: Pp. 645-651 in L.M. Darling, ed. 2000. Proc. Conf. on the Biology and Manage. Species and Habitats at Risk, Kamloops, B.C., 15-19 Feb., 1999. Vol. 2; B.C. Minist. Environ., Lands and Parks, Victoria, BC, and Univ. College of the Cariboo, Kamloops, BC. 520pp.
Number on Library Shelf: 133

http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/mc05armleder.pdf

We describe how research and monitoring were applied, within higher level plan direction, to craft an integrated management strategy for mountain caribou. Nine years of radio-telemetry on 75 animals with >4,000 relocations have defined the range and habitat selection patterns for this population. Timber harvesting trials since 1990 have tested variations of the selection silvicultural system. The Cariboo-Chilcotin Land-Use Plan has established the size of the area that can be managed for mountain caribou and defined the level of acceptable impact on the timber resource. These inputs were used to develop an initial strategy which zones caribou habitat and describes management in those zones. Recommendations for forest management systems, access, and predation management are part of the strategy.
 

Caribou Habitat Use in the Chelaslie River Migration Corridor and Recommendations for Management

Author(s):
Date:
Source:
Number on Library Shelf: 143

http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/lmh/Lmh37.pdf

The movements and habitat use of radio-collared caribou within the 80,000 hectare "migration corridor" between Tweedsmuir Park and the primary winter range were examined from spring 1993 through spring 1995. In the relatively mild winter of 1993/94, about half the animals used the study area for most of the winter. When used for wintering, caribou favoured older forest on poor tree growing sites (generally good lichen sites), and wetland/forest mosaics. During spring and fall migration movements, habitat use is less distinct. A management strategy is proposed consisting of: maintaining amounts of mature forest similar to that expected under long-term natural disturbance regimes, directing timber harvest primarily to areas of lower value to caribou, access control, and innovative silvicultural practices.
 

Ecosystem Management and the Conservation of Caribou Habitat in British Columbia

Author(s): Dale Seip
Date: No date
Source: --
Number on Library Shelf: 144

www.cmiae.org/compendium/reference144.doc

Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in British Columbia inhabit a wide variety of forest ecosystems. Numerous research projects have provided information that has been used to develop caribou habitat management recommendations for different areas. Recently, the province has implemented guidelines to protect biodiversity that are based on an ecosystem management strategy of mimicking natural forest conditions. There is a great deal of similarity between caribou management recommendations and biodiversity recommendations within different forest types. In mountain caribou habitat, both approaches recommend maintaining a landscape dominated by old and mature forests, uneven-aged management, small cutblocks, and maintaining mature forest connectivity. In northern caribou habitat, both approaches recommend maintaining some older stands on the landscape (but less than for mountain caribou), even-aged management, and a mosaic of large harvest units and leave areas. The ecosystem management recommendations provide a useful foundation for caribou habitat conservation. More detailed information on caribou and other management objectives can then be used to fine-tune those recommendations.
 

Author(s): Kim Poole and Garth Mowat
Date: July 2001
Source: Contract to Harrop Proctor Community Forest Co-operative PO Box 5 Proctor BC V0G 1V0
Number on Library Shelf: 145

www.cmiae.org/compendium/reference145.pdf

The goal of this literature review was to provide Co-op forest managers with the background knowledge to begin to integrate caribou habitat into their forestry planning. Specific objectives were to describe the historic distribution and current distribution and status of the South Selkirk caribou herd, describe seasonal habitats and movements of these animals and caribou from adjacent herds, and provide initial recommendations for management of caribou habitat within the forest tenure area.
 

Revelstoke and Area Land Use Planning Final Recommendations (“MAC Report” Caribou portion)

Author(s): Revelstoke and Area Minister’s Advisory Committee
Date: October 1999
Source: MAC Report, Pages 44-119
Number on Library Shelf: 153

http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/dco/MAC/RLUPR99.pdf

Includes guidelines for management of Mountain Caribou in the Columbia Forest District. Intent of guidelines are:

• To provide the amount and distribution of habitat required to maintain viable populations of the blue-listed mountain caribou in the Revelstoke herd.
• To minimize displacement of mountain caribou resulting from development and recreational activities in critical habitat.

Within the context of the land use plan, mountain caribou are being used as an umbrella species, in that the application of the guidelines, in combination with the biodiversity emphasis option allocation (see Section 3.2) is intended to address the needs of old growth dependent species in those ecosystems, at least until further information about such species allows for more specific management direction to be developed. In this plan, mountain caribou habitat is also seen to contribute to the intermediate biodiversity emphasis objectives.
 

Lichen Colonization and Gap Structure in Wet-temperate Rainforests of Northern Interior British Columbia.

Author(s): Shelly Benson and Darwyn Coxson
Date: 2002
Source: The Bryologist 105(4), pp. 673-692.
Number on Library Shelf: 154

http://wetbelt.unbc.ca/docs/Benson_and_Coxson_2002.pdf

Abundant canopy lichen communities characterize wet-temperate rainforests on the windward slopes of interior mountain ranges in north-central British Columbia, Canada. Historically, these forests have regenerated through gap-dynamics; however, our knowledge of lichen colonization within gaps is limited. We have now compared lichen biomass on regenerating trees in naturally occurring 1–3 ha gap-disturbances (these gaps presumed to have originated from insect out-breaks in the late 1800’s) with those on regenerating trees of similar age growing in the understory of the surrounding old growth forest. Only small differences were seen in total lichen biomass on regenerating trees between the two settings, however, analysis of the individual lichen groups (Alectoria, Bryoria, Foliose, and Cyanolichen) revealed striking differences. The Bryoria group was 35% more abundant on gap trees (632 g/tree) and was distributed vertically through a larger proportion of the tree crown. The Cyanolichen functional group was largely absent from gap trees, despite high levels of biomass loading (1,332 kg/ha) in the surrounding old-growth stand. Alectoria and Foliose functional groups did not differ significantly in biomass or distribution between regenerating trees of the two types. Tree size positively affected lichen loading. Total lichen biomass was 38% greater on the larger size class (31–44 cm dbh) regenerating trees, with the Alectoria functional group alone having 45% greater biomass on larger trees. Presence or absence of leaves on branch substrate had no effect on lichen loading. Stand level projections indicate that the old growth forest had 19% more arboreal lichen biomass (2,684 kg/ha) and contained greater lichen species diversity than did the ‘‘second-growth’’ regenerating forest patches. The low cyanolichen biomass in naturally occurring gap openings poses concern for the proposed utility of ‘‘new-forestry’’ type harvesting practices to retain canopy biodiversity using current harvest rotation intervals.
 

Accounts and Measures for Managing Identified Wildlife (Caribou)

Author(s): Deborah Cichowski, Trevor Kinley and Brian Churchill
Date: BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection
Source: 2004
Number on Library Shelf: 156

http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wld/identified/documents/Mammals/m_caribou.pdf

The Identified Wildlife Management Strategy is an initiative of the Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, in partnership with the Ministry of Forests and carried out in consultation with other resource ministries, stakeholders and the public. Two companion documents address the management of Identified Wildlife, and together, comprise the Identified Wildlife Management Strategy (IWMS). The first document, Procedures for Managing Identified Wildlife, describes the procedures for establishing, modifying and rescinding a wildlife habitat area (WHA), and for implementing strategic and landscape level planning recommendations. The second document, Accounts and Measures for Managing Identified Wildlife, summarizes the status, life history, distribution and habitats of Identified Wildlife, and outlines specific guidelines for management of their habitats. These documents are a resource for government planners, foresters and wildlife managers, and for those persons interested in the life histories of Identified Wildlife.
 

Fire, Terrestrial Lichens, and the Itcha-Ilgachuz Caribou

Author(s): Trevor Goward
Date: February 1999
Source: Pp. 665-669 in L.M. Darling, ed. 2000. Proc. Conf. on the Biology and Manage. Species and Habitats at Risk, Kamloops, B.C., 15-19 Feb., 1999. Vol. 1; B.C. Minist. Environ., Lands and Parks, Victoria, BC, and Univ. College of the Cariboo, Kamloops, BC.
Number on Library Shelf: 160

http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/mc09goward2.pdf

This paper presents 11 testable hypotheses pertaining to terrestrial lichens, forest dynamics, and woodland caribou on the Chilcotin Plateau of south-central British Columbia. Based on preliminary studies conducted in the lodgepole pine forests of the Very Dry, Cold subzone of the Sub-boreal Pine–Spruce biogeoclimatic zone (SBPSxc), it is suggested that caribou and terrestrial forage lichens are linked in a positive-feedback continuum dependent in the long term on periodic surface fire. The possibility is raised that fire suppression may adversely affect woodland caribou in this subzone. Further work is required.
 

Strategic Planning Tools for Mountain Caribou Conservation

Author(s): Clayton Apps Trevor Kinley, Joe Scott, Candace Batycki and John Bergenske
Date:
Source: Research and maps are presented in a poster format
Number on Library Shelf: 163

http://www.mountaincaribou.org/pubs/poster.pdf

This is a poster. No print version is available in the Revelstoke Library.
 

Mountain Caribou in 21st Century Ecosystems

Author(s): Columbia Mountains Institute of Applied Ecology
Date: 18-Oct-02
Source: Columbia Mountains Institute
Number on Library Shelf: 23

www.cmiae.org/pdf/Caribou2002-summary.pdf

In 2000, the arboreal-lichen feeding caribou of British Columbia’s southeastern mountains were “red-listed” by the British Columbia Conservation Data Centre and designated as “threatened” by the federal Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. These high-profile designations underscored the need to understand why population declines were occurring, and what could be done to reverse them.

Mountain caribou face a variety of challenges within their historic range. Factors such as past over-hunting, changes in forest structure and age, disturbances within their preferred habitat, climatic variability, and the changing abundance and distribution of their predators, could all be playing a role. It follows that solutions to the decline will be complex and will require the imagination and resolve of all users sharing mountain caribou range.

To encourage better communication between researchers and the various individuals and organizations that use mountain caribou range, the Columbia Mountains Institute of Applied Ecology held a conference in Revelstoke, British Columbia in October 2002. Thanks to the diverse background of our steering committee, we assembled and presented an agenda that we hope has furthered understanding of both the issues and the science surrounding the decline of mountain caribou populations.
 

A Strategy for the Recovery of Mountain Caribou in British Columbia

Author(s): The Mountain Caribou Technical Advisory Committee
Date: 01-Sep-02
Source:
Number on Library Shelf: 24

http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/mtcaribou_rcvrystrat02.pdf

The Strategy for Recovery of Mountain Caribou is a document for planning recovery actions for the Mountain Caribou, an arboreal lichen-winter feeding ecotype of the Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) found primarily in southeastern British Columbia. The national strategy will include, but is not limited to, Mountain Caribou. The national strategy is the first part of a two-part National Recovery Plan for Woodland Caribou; the local population specific Recovery Action Plans is the second part.
 

Woodland Caribou in the Thompson-Nicola Resource Region

Author(s): Ministry of Environment
Date: 01-Jun-81
Source:
Number on Library Shelf: 85

This report discusses the status and management objectives for woodland caribou in the east-central portion of the province.
 

Recent Augmentation of Mountain Caribou to the Southern Selkirk Mountains of Northeastern Washington, Northern Idaho, and Southern British Columbia

Author(s): Jon Almack
Date: February 1999
Source: P 643. in L.M. Darling, ed. 2000. Proc. Conf. on the Biology and Manage. Species and Habitats at Risk, Kamloops, B.C., 15-19 Feb., 1999. Vol. 1; B.C. Minist. Environ., Lands and Parks, Victoria, BC, and Univ. College of the Cariboo, Kamloops, BC.
Number on Library Shelf: 161

http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/mc04almack.pdf

Over a 3-year period, we transplanted 43 radio-marked mountain caribou from central British Columbia to the southern Selkirk Mountains of Washington, Idaho, and British Columbia. We have monitored these animals to determine initial movements from release site, seasonal movements, habitat use, recruitment, and cause of mortality. Five caribou have emigrated from the Selkirk Mountains recovery zone; 2 returned to the area, 3 died within weeks of leaving. Other movements and habitat use are still being analyzed and will be completed in time for presentation at the conference. We have observed calf production each year, but survival of this cohort is unknown. Twenty-six radio-collared caribou have died: 4 were killed by cougars, 1 by grizzly bears, 1 from accidental fall, 2 from poaching, and 18 from unknown causes. Monitoring of this population will likely continue for at least 2 more years. We also have initiated a cougar study in cooperation with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Forest Service, and British Columbia Wildlife Branch to determine the effects of predation on the survival of this endangered caribou population.
 

CMH Wildlife Operating Procedures (Winter)

Author(s): Dave Butler, Director, Land Resources for Canadian Mountain Holidays
Date: January 1, 2004
Source: Canadian Mountain Holidays
Number on Library Shelf: 167

http://www.canadianmountainholidays.com/pdf/WildlifeOperatingProcedures.pdf

Canadian Mountain Holidays has developed these operating practices to minimize the potential direct and indirect impacts of their activities on wildlife. 
 

Mountain Caribou Consultation Document

Author: Species at Risk Coordination Office, Ministry of Environment Released by SARCO, Mark Zacharias
Date: October 18, 2005
Number on Library Shelf: 178

http://ilmbwww.gov.bc.ca/ilmb/pdfs/mountain_caribou_consultation_document_20051025.pdf

Includes recovery options for mountain caribou, situational analysis, information on specific herds, maps.
 

Staring at Extinction: Mountain Caribou in British Columbia, An Analysis of Planned logging in B.C.’s Inland Temperate Rainforest

Authors: Devon Page, Joe Scott, Candace Batycki
Date: May 2005
Source: Mountain Caribou Project
Number on Library Shelf: 173

http://www.mountaincaribou.org/report.html

We quantified the existing threats and present new information regarding the caribou recovery process. Through this report we intend to hold government and industry responsible for the ongoing cumulative impacts to mountain caribou habitat, and challenge them to make the necessary changes to avoid the extinction of this Canadian icon and the unravelling of the unique inland rainforest ecosystem.
 

Socioeconomic Baseline Analysis for the Kootenay Caribou Recovery Action Plans, Final Report

Authors: Economic Growth Solutions
Date: March 2005
Source: Prepared for B.C. Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection
Number on Library Shelf: 176

www.cmiae.org/compendium/reference176.pdf
 

B.C.’s Mountain Caribou: Last Chance for Conservation? (Special Report)

Author: Forest Practices Board
Date: September 29, 2004
Source: Forest Practices Board Special Report FPB/SR/22
Number on Library Shelf: 171

http://www.fpb.gov.bc.ca/news/releases/2004/29-09.htm

This internet address leads to the news release for the report, and has links to the full report and backgrounders.