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A LITERATURE COLLECTION
Prepared in the Papyrus ä 7.0 bibliography system
Anthony P. Clevenger Research Ecologist (Contract) Parks Canada Banff National Park
October 2000
Contents
Introduction
Acknowledgements
Standard database entry format with examples
Instructions for using Papyrus 7.0
Keyword List
References
Introduction
During the last few decades, studies carried out in a variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have demonstrated that many of the most pervasive threats to biological diversity – habitat destruction and fragmentation, edge effects, exotic species invasions, pollution, and overhunting – are aggravated by roads. Nonetheless, more roads continue to be built (few ever are removed) and road densities increase throughout Canada, the United States and other countries. Concomitantly we find that each day there are more studies undertaken to assess the potential environmental impacts of roads, investigate the direct effects of roads on particular ecosystems or animal populations, and projects funded to mitigate road effects. Information - be it journal publications or trans-Atlantic correspondence between environmental engineers and biologists - is essential for properly addressing problems caused by roads and researching their ecological effects. Access to pertinent literature and information is fundamental and key to the success of a highway environmental monitoring, research or design program.
As part of a research contract studying highway effects on animal populations in Banff National Park, I have assembled a catalogued literature collection on the effects of highways and other linear developments on wildlife populations. This collection is housed at the Banff National Park, Warden Office and is accessible to the public, non-governmental organizations and government agencies for their consultation.
The literature collection may be consulted either by obtaining a hardcopy of the most recent publication of "Effects of Highways and Other Linear Developments on Wildlife Populations" or via the PC-operated, Papyrus 7.0 ä bibliography system located at the Banff National Park Warden Office. New references will be added and updates will be made continuously to the bibliographic database, therefore the most current information will be available on Papyrus 7.0ä .
What you have here is the first version of the literature collection. I have limited myself to publications, correspondence, and some news articles relating to the effects of highways and other linear developments on the environment, particularly animal populations. The theme and flavor of most articles referenced herein are somewhat biased by my own professional interests and curiosity. The collection is small, but continually growing. I hope that it will be of some service to those interested in learning about, or involved in studies mitigating, the effects of roads on our natural environment.
Requests for hardcopies (<<HC>>) of the referenced literature or to consult the Papyrus 7.0 ä database can be made by contacting the author:
Anthony P Clevenger, Wildlife Section, Banff National Park, Box 900, Banff, Alberta T0L 0C0, CANADA. Fax: 403/762 3240. Email: tony_clevenger@pch.gc.ca
Acknowledgements
Kelly Wells, Pete Smillie, and Carolyn St-Pierre assisted in entering literature citations in the Papyrus database. John Woods (Mt Revelstoke & Glacier National Parks), Paul Paquet (University of Calgary), and Bruce Leeson (Parks Canada, Calgary) kindly contributed from their highway-wildlife literature collections.
Standard database entry format with examples
Standard Entry
Author(s) (Year): Title. Journal. <<HC>>: Hard copy of publication available from author. <<jw-#>>: Hard copy of publication of John Woods. <<AB>>: Abstract of publication available from author. <<FAX>>: Fax copy available from author. [KEYWORDS]
Entry examples
1.) Article. 129. Pienaar, UV. (1968): The ecological significance of roads in a National Park. Koedoe 11, 169-174. [NATIONAL PARK; ROAD MORTALITY] [Reference number. Author(s) (Year): Title. Journal Volume No., Pages.KEYWORDS]
2.) Book. 111. Saunders, DA (1991): Nature conservation. Surrey Beatty & Sons Ltd, Melbourne, Australia. 435 pgs. [HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; ROADS] Reference number. Author(s) (Year): Title. Edition Volume, Publisher, City and Country of Publisher. Total no. of pages.[KEYWORDS]
3.) Chapter in book. 149. Bennett, AF (1991): Roads, roadsides and wildlife conservation. In: Nature Conservation 2. 2nd ed. (Eds: Saunders, DA; Hobbs, RJ) Surrey Beatty & Sons Ltd, Melbourne, Australia, 99-118. [HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; TRAVEL CORRIDOR; DISPERSAL] Reference number. Author(s) (Year): Chapter title. Book title. Edition. Volume. Editor. Publisher, City and Country of Publisher. No. of pages. [KEYWORDS]
4.) Thesis. 63. Brandenburg, DM (1996): Effects of roads on behavior and survival of blackbears in coastal North Carolina. MSc Thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.95 p. [GIS; MAMMALIA; URSUS AMERICANUS; ROAD MORTALITY] Reference number. Author (Year): Title. Degree, Institution. Total number of pages. [KEYWORDS]
5.) Other. 73. Evink, GL (1996): Florida Department of Transportation initiatives related to wildlife mortality. Report from Environmental Management Office. 6 p. [FLORIDA; HABITAT DISTURBANCE; MORTALITY] Reference number. Author(s) (Year): Title. Rest of reference. Number of pages. [KEYWORDS]
Instructions for using Papyrus 7.0
How to enter the program:
Enter MS-DOS prompt icon found in the MAIN window. Change drive to N: Enter N:\WILDLIFE\MISC\PAPYRUS>PAP
How to search:
Type "S" to enter the search option. Follow the instructions on the screen. Can search by combinations of Keywords, Ref#, Year, Title, Author, Editor, Journal … Term and general can be used to search a variety of categories. Press "enter" on reference of interest to get full reference information.
Listing and Printing:
Type "L" to enter the List option. Enter list format – alphabetical or numerical, etc. and the range. When asked if format information is correct, enter "Y". TO PRINT: For on device, choose "printer". HINT: to fit the whole reference on the page, click on printer setting and change the horizontal printable inches per line to 8.0. Hit "okay" and print!
Listing Keywords:
Type "K" to enter Keyword option. Type "L" to enter LIST option. Follow same instructions as above. Keywords can also be merged, deleted, and edited in this option.
KEYWORD LIST (with number of entries)
1 March 1998
Keyword List
REFERENCES (by author, in alphabetical order) 1 March 1998
REFERENCES
EFFECTS OF HIGHWAYS AND OTHER LINEAR DEVELOPMENTS ON WILDLIFE POPULATIONS
Alphabetic List (From A Thru Z) Listing Created 29 Aug 2000, at 17:32
89. Adamic,M (1995): Letter to Dr. Leeson. University of Ljubljana. <<HC>> [HIGHWAY; MITIGATION; SLOVENIA; WILDLIFE OVERPASS] 234. Adams,CE (1983): Road-killed animals as resources for ecological studies. Amer. Biol. Teach. 45, 256-261. <<jw>> [HIGHWAY; MORTALITY] 521. Adams,HB; Adams,L (1959): Black-tailed jackrabbit carcasses on the highways in Nevada, Idaho, and California. Ecology 40(4), 718-20. <<pp>> 181. Adams,LW (1984): Small mammal use of an interstate highway median strip. J. Appl. Ecol. 21, 175-178. <<HC>> [DEMOGRAPHY; HABITAT QUALITY; HIGHWAY; MAMMALIA; MEDIAN STRIP; SMALL...] 489. Adams,LW; Dove,LE (1989): Wildlife reserves and corridors in the urban environment: a guide to ecological landscape planning and resource conservation. National Institute for Urban Wildlife, Columbia, Maryland USA. [CORRIDOR DESIGN; LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY; PLANNING; WILDLIFE RESERVES] 405. Adams,LW; Geis,AD (1983): Effects of roads on small mammals. J. Appl. Ecol. 20, 403-415. <<HC>> [DEMOGRAPHY; DISPERSAL; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; HIGHWAY; MAMMALIA; MO...] 522. Ager,A; Hitchcock,M (1994): HEICALC: elk-habitat-effectivenss index software. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 22(1), 126-28. <<pp>> 510. Akcakaya,HR; Atwood,JL (1997): A habitat-based metapopulation model of the California gnatcatcher. Conserv. Biol. 11, 422-434. [DEMOGRAPHY; DISPERSAL; HABITAT CONNECTIVITY; METAPOPULATION] 437. Albasel,N; Cottenie,A (1985): Heavy metal contamination near major highways, industrial and urban areas in Belgian grassland. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 24, 103-109. [BELGIUM; GRASSLAND; HEAVY METALS; HIGHWAY; POLLUTION EFFECTS] 235. Allen,RE; McCullough,DR (1976): Deer-car accidents in southern Michigan. J. Wildl. Manage. 40, 317-325. <<HC>> [HIGHWAY; MAMMALIA; MICHIGAN; MORTALITY; ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS] 675. Amor,RL; Stevens,PL (1976): Spread of weeds from a roadside into sclerophyll forests at Dartmouth, Australia. Weed Res. 16, 111-118. [AUSTRALIA; DISPERSAL; ROAD EFFECT; ROADSIDE VERGES] 676. Amrhein,C; Strong,JE; Mosher,PA (1992): Effect of deicing salts on metal and organic matter mobilization in roadside soils. Environ. Sci. and Tech. 26, 703-709. [DE-ICING AGENTS; ORGANIC MATTER; ROAD EFFECT; SOIL CHEMISTRY] 423. Andersen,R; Linnell,JDC; Langvatn,R (1996): Short term behavioural and physiological response of moose Alces alces to military disturbance in Norway. Biol. Conserv. 77, 169-176. <<HC>> [ALCES ALCES; BEHAVIOR; HARASSMENT; MAMMALIA; NORWAY; STRESS; TRAFFI...] 81. Andersen,R; Wiseth,B; Pedersen,P; Jaren,V (1991): Moose-train collisions: effects of environmental conditions. Alces 27, 79-84. <<HC>> [ALCES ALCES; HABITAT DISTURBANCE; MAMMALIA; MORTALITY; RAILWAY] 677. Anderson,B; Simons,DB (1983): Soil erosion study of exposed highway construction slopes and roadways. Transport. Res. Rec. 948, 40-47. [HIGHWAY; HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION; SOIL DISTURBANCE; SOIL EROSION] 523. Anderson,DE; Rongstad,OJ; Mytton,WR (1985): Line transect analysis of raptor abundance along roads. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 13(4), 533-539. <<PP>> 236. Anderson,J; Berkson,J; MOwat,G; Woods,J (1986): Management consultation for road kill impacts on ungulate populations. Typed report. <<jw>> [HIGHWAY; MITIGATION; MORTALITY; UNGULATES] 653. Anderson,K (1991): Sculpting shelter for a lake. Calif. Coast Ocean 8, 39-42. [CALIFORNIA; NOISE EFFECTS; NOISE MITIGATION; VEHICLE DISTURBANCE] 654. Anderson,K (1992): The least tern mystery. Calif. Coast Ocean 8, 36-39. [AVES; CALIFORNIA; NOISE EFFECTS; VEHICLE DISTURBANCE] 724. Andreassen,HP; Ims,RA; Steinset,OK (1996): Discontinuous habitat corridors: effects on male root vole movements. J. Appl. Ecol. 33, 555-560. <<HC>> [CONNECTIVITY; CORRIDOR FUNCTION; DISPERSAL; GAP CROSSING; MAMMALIA;...] 511. Andren,H (1994): Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds and mammals in landscapes with different proportions of suitable habitat: A review. OIKOS 71, 355-366. [AVES; DISPERSAL; HABITAT CONNECTIVITY; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; HABIT...] 678. Andrews,A (1990): Fragmentation of habitat by roads and utility corridors: a review. Aust. J. Zool. 26, 130-141. [HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; HIGHWAY; LINEAR DEVELOPMENTS] 706. Angold,PG (1997): The impact of a road upon adjacent heathland vegetation: effects on plant species composition. J. Appl. Ecol. 34, 409-417. <<HC>> [CALLUNA VULGARIS; COMPETITION; EDGE EFFECT; ENGLAND; LICHENS; NITRO...] 240. Anonymous (1955): Banff National Park wildlife notes May, 1955. Typed report. Banff National Park. <<jw>> 241. Anonymous (1969): Deer mirrors -- a clearer picture. Outdoor facts -- Colorado Dept of Natural Resources. <<jw>> [COLORADO; HIGHWAY; MITIGATION; MORTALITY; UNGULATES] 237. Anonymous (1975): A design guide for wildlife protection and conservation for transportation facilities. American Association of State Highway and Tranportation Officials. <<jw>> [DESIGN; HIGHWAY; MORTALITY; NATURE CONSERVATION] 657. Anonymous (1979): Ecological effects of highway fills on wetlands research report. National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 218A. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council, Washington, DC. [AQUATIC SYSTEM; ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS; HIGHWAY FILL; WETLANDS] 238. Anonymous (1980): A proposal to evaluate potential methods of reducing animal kills in transportation corridors in national parks. Typed report. <<jw>> [HIGHWAY; MITIGATION; MORTALITY; NATIONAL PARK] 245. Anonymous (1980): The value of caribou underpasses. Audubon 82, 20. <<jw>> [CROSSING STRUCTURES; MAMMALIA; MITIGATION; RANGIFER TARANDUS] 248. Anonymous (1980): Wildlife roadkills have decreased. Audubon 82, 120. <<jw>> [HIGHWAY; MORTALITY] 243. Anonymous (1982): Table of highway and railway kills, 1980-81. Typed report. Library. <<jw>> [HIGHWAY; MORTALITY; RAILWAY] 247. Anonymous (1982): Wildlife mortality in transportation corridors in Canada's national parks. Natur. Res. Bull., . <<jw>> [INCOMPLETE; HIGHWAY; MORTALITY; NATIONAL PARK] ^^^INCOMPLETE^^^^^^INCOMPLETE^^^^^^INCOMPLETE^^^ 246. Anonymous (1984): Warning: Animal/vehicle crossing. Nat. Safety News 130, 60. <<jw>> [HIGHWAY; MITIGATION; MORTALITY] 239. Anonymous (1985): Animal alert saves lives.it's proven. Trucking Canada. <<jw>> [HIGHWAY; MITIGATION; MORTALITY; TRUCKING INDUSTRY] 242. Anonymous (1987): Recommendations for a video surveillance-system for the Banff Highway Project. Typed report. Library. <<jw>> [BANFF NATIONAL PARK; HIGHWAY; MITIGATION; MONITORING; PERFORMANCE E...] 244. Anonymous (1987): Terms of reference for ungulate highway mortality study - Kootenay National Park, 1987-88. Typed report. Library. <<jw>> [HIGHWAY; KOOTENAY NATIONAL PARK; MORTALITY; NATIONAL PARK; UNGULATES] 48. Anonymous (1995): Identification and mitigation of highway impact on bears. National conference on transportation environmental research needs - Proporsed project research statement. <<HC>> [HIGHWAY; IMPACT ASSESSMENT; MAMMALIA; MITIGATION; MORTALITY; TRAVEL...] 215. Anonymous (1995): TransCanada Highway Phase IIIA: Initial assessment determination. Parks Canada, Dept. of Canadian Heritage. 33 pp. <<HC>> [BANFF NATIONAL PARK; CUMULATIVE EFFECTS; ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT; ...] 715. Anonymous (1995): Wildlife crossings for roads and waterways. Guide to facilities for fauna at roads and waterways. Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Watermanagement, Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division, The Netherlands. 16pp. <<HC>> [CROSSING STRUCTURES; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; MITIGATION; NETHERLANDS...] 524. Anthony,RG; Isaac,FB (1989): Characteristics of bald eagle nest sites in Oregon. J. Wildl. Manage. 53(1), 148-159. <<pp>> 249. Apps,C (1997): Identification of grizzly bear linkage zones along the Highway 3 corridor of southeast British Columbia and southwest Alberta. Report for BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks and WWF-Canada. <<HC>> [ALBERTA; BRITISH COLUMBIA; GIS; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; HABITAT QUAL...] 436. Archibald,WR; Ellis,R; Hamilton,AN (1987): Responses of grizzly bears to logging truck traffic in the Kimsquit River Valley, British Columbia. Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 251-257. <<HC>> [BRITISH COLUMBIA; HABITAT USE; HIGHWAY; MAMMALIA; MOVEMENTS; URSUS ...] 509. Arner,DH (1951): Experimental plantings on power line rights-of-way and woodland roads. Trans. N. Amer. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 16, 331-338. <<pp>> [LINEAR DEVELOPMENTS; ROAD MANAGEMENT; VEGETATION] 255. Arnold,DA (1979): Deer on the highway. Traffic Safety May 1979, . [HIGHWAY; MITIGATION; MORTALITY; UNGULATES] 679. Ashley,EP; Robinson,JT (1996): Road mortality of amphibians, reptiles and other wildlife on the Long Point causeway, Lake Erie, Ontario. Can. Field. Nat. 110, 403-412. [AMPHIBIA; AVES; MAMMALIA; MORTALITY; ONTARIO; REPTILIA; ROAD EFFECT] 410. Ashley,J (1995): Harlequin duck surveys and tracking in Glacier National Park. Unpubl. rept. Glacier National Park, Montana USA. 19pp. <<HC>> [AVES; DEMOGRAPHY; GLACIER NATIONAL PARK; HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS;...] 462. Askins,RA (1994): Open corridors in a heavily forested landscape: impact on shrubland and forest-interior birds. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 22, 339-347. <<HC>> [AVES; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; NEST DEPREDATION; ROADSIDE VERGES] 4. Auerbach,N; Walker,MD; Walker,DA (1997): Effects of roadside disturbance on substrate and vegetation properties in arctic tundra. Ecol. Appls. 7, 218-235. <<HC>> [ALASKA; HABITAT DISTURBANCE; HIGHWAY; ROADSIDE HABITAT; SOIL DISTUR...] 216. Augeri,D (1994): Assessment of Trans-Canada Highway perturbations on black bear population, guild, and community structures in Banff National Park. Draft research proposal. Mountain Ecosystems Consulting. Fort Collins, Colorado. 78 pp. <<HC>> [BANFF NATIONAL PARK; CROSSING STRUCTURES; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; HA...] 256. Austin (1971): Roadside distribution of the common raven in the Mohave desert. University of Arizona. Unpubl. rept. <<jw 1455>> [ARIZONA; CARRION; CORVUS CORAX; DISTRIBUTION; HIGHWAY; MORTALITY] 731. Austin,M (1998): Wolverine winter travel routes and responses to transportation corridors in Kicking Horse Pass between Yoho and Banff National Parks. Master of Environmental Design thesis, University of Calgary. 40pp. <<HC>> [DISTURBANCE; GULO GULO; LARGE CARNIVORES; LINEAR DEVELOPMENTS; MAMM...] 150. Austin,M; Herrero,S (1995): Wolverine travel routes and response to human-constructed linear corridors in the Kicking Horse Pass between Yoho and Banff National Parks. Progress report on the 1994-1995 Field Season. <<HC>> [BANFF NATIONAL PARK; ENDANGERED; GULO GULO; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; ...] 21. AXYS Group (1995): Terms of reference, wildlife tracking project, Trans Canada Highway, Golden to west boundary of Yoho National Park. 5 pages. <<HC>> [HIGHWAY; SURVEY; TRANS CANADA HIGHWAY; YOHO NATIONAL PARK] 703. Baines,M; Hambler,C; Johnson,PJ; MacDonald,DW; Smith,H (1998): The effects of arable field margin management on the abundance and species richness of Araneae (spiders). Ecography 21, 74-86. <<HC>> [ARANEAE; FIELD MARGINS; INSECTA; SPECIES ABUNDANCE; SPECIES DIVERSI...] 494. Baker,RH (1997): Are man-made barriers influencing mammalian speciation? J.Mammal. 79, 370-371. [BARRIER; DISPERSAL; GENETIC DIVERSITY; GENETIC ISOLATION; HABITAT F...] 476. Bakowski,C; Kozakiewicz,M (1988): The effect of forest road on bank vole and yellow-necked mouse populations. Acta Theriol. 33, 345-353. <<HC>> [DEMOGRAPHY; FOREST ROAD; MAMMALIA; POLAND; ROAD EFFECT; SMALL MAMMA...] 551. Banff National Park (1978): Wildlife mortality statistics highways and railroad.1964-1976. Banff National Park., . <<pp>> 552. Banff National Park. (1978): Wildlife mortality statistics, highway and railroad. Banff National Park,Unpublished report. 1964-1977, . <<pp>> 525. Bangs,EE; Bailey,TN; Portner,MF (1989): Survival rates of adult female moose on the Kenai Peninsula,Alaska. J. Wildl. Manage. 53(3), 557-563. <<pp>> 404. Banks,RC (1979): Human related mortality of birds in the United States. USDI Fish & Wildlife Sp. Science Rept. - Wildlife No. 215. [AVES; HIGHWAY; MORTALITY; UNITED STATES] 788. Barbosa,AE; Hvitved-Jacobsen,T (1999): Highway runoff and potential for removal of heavy metals in an infiltration pond in Portugal. The Science of the Total Environment 235, 151-159. <<HC>> [HEAVY METALS; POLLUTION EFFECTS; PORTUGAL; RUNOFF WATER QUALITY] 477. Barnett,JL; How,RA; Humphries,WF (1978): The use of habitat components by small mammals in eastern Australia. Austr. J. Ecol. 3, 277-285. [AUSTRALIA; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; LINEAR DEVELOPMENTS; MAMMALIA; MO...] 200. Barrett,DE (1996): Traffic-noise impact study for least Bell's vireo habitat along California state route 83. Transport. Res. Rec. 1559, 3-7. <<HC>> [CALIFORNIA; ENDANGERED; HABITAT RESTORATION; HIGHWAY; IMPACT ASSESS...] 103. Barrientos Benito,LM (1992): Incidencia de las carreteras en las poblaciones de lobos en Castilla y Leon. I Jornadas para el estudio y prevencion de la mortalidad de vertebrados en carreteras. CODA. Madrid, Spain. <<HC>> [CANIS LUPUS; HIGHWAY; MAMMALIA; MORTALITY; SPAIN] 258. Barto,WP (1974): The agricultural, forestry, recreational and wildlife opportunity cost of pipelines, hydro lines and highways. University of Manitoba. Unpubl. rept. <<jw 1945>> [HIGHWAY; HYDRO LINE; PIPELINE; WILDLIFE] 232. Bascompte,J; Sole,R (1996): Habitat fragmentation and extinction thresholds in spatially explicit models. J. Anim. Ecol. 65, 465-473. <<HC>> [CELLULAR AUTOMATA; EXTINCTION; HABITAT DESTRUCTION; HABITAT FRAGMEN...] 448. Bashore,TL; Tzilkowski,WM; Bellis,ED (1985): Analysis of deer-vehicle collision sites in Pennsylvania. J. Wildl. Manage. 49, 769-774. <<HC>> [HIGHWAY; LOGISTIC REGRESSION; MAMMALIA; MITIGATION; MORTALITY; PENN...] 259. Basile,JV; Lonner,TN (1979): Vehicle restrictions influence elk and hunter distribution in Montana. J. Forestry 77, 155-159. [CERVUS ELAPHUS; DISTRIBUTION; GAME HUNTING; MAMMALIA; MONTANA; TRAF...] 197. Baur,A; Baur,B (1990): Are roads barriers to dispersal in the land snail (Arianta arbustorum)? Can.J.Zool. 68, 613-617. <<HC>> [BARRIER; CROSSING FREQUENCY; DISPERSAL; HIGHWAY; ISOLATION; LAND SN...] 488. B.C. Ministry of Transportation and Highways (1995): Wildlife accident reporting system (WARS) annual report. Highway Environment Branch, Vancouver, B.C. <<HC>> [ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM; BRITISH COLUMBIA; COLLISION; HIGHWAY; MO...] 49. Becker,DM; Soukkala,L; Soukkala,A (1993): Evaro corridor wildlife use study and mitigation recommendations U.S. Highway 93 reconstruction project. Final Report from the Tribal Wildlife Management Program. <<HC>> [HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; MITIGATION; TRACKING TRANSECTS; TRAVEL CORRI...] 78. Becker,EF; Grauvogel,CA (1991): Relationship of reduced train speed on moose-train collisions in Alaska. Alces 27, 161-168. <<HC>> [ALASKA; ALCES ALCES; HABITAT DISTURBANCE; MAMMALIA; MORTALITY; RAIL...] 454. Beckmeyer (1996): Dragonflies as roadkill. Argia 8, 19-20. <<HC>> [HIGHWAY; INSECTA; MORTALITY] 444. Beeby,A; Richmond,L (1987): Adaptation by an urban population of the snail Helix aspersa to a diet contaminated with lead. Environ. Pollut. (Ser. A) 46, 73-82. <<.>> [DIET; HEAVY METALS; INVERTEBRATE; POLLUTION EFFECTS] 133. Beier,P (1993): Determining minimum habitat areas and habitat corridors for cougars. Conserv. Biol. 7(1), 95-108. <<HC>> [FELIS CONCOLOR; HABITAT OCCUPANCY; MAMMALIA; MODEL; POPULATION DENS...] 526. Beier,P (1995): Dispersal of juvenile cougars in fragmented habitat. J. Wildl. Manage. 59(2), 228-237. <<pp>> 213. Beier,P; Loe,S (1992): A checklist for evaluating impacts to wildlife movement corridors. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 20, 434-440. <<HC>> [CORRIDOR DESIGN; CORRIDOR FUNCTION; CROSSING STRUCTURES; FELIS CONC...] 808. Bellamy,PE; Shore,RF; Ardeshir,D; Treweek,JR; Sparks,TH (2000): Road verges as habitat for small mammals in Britain. Mamm. Rev. 30, 131-139. [ABUNDANCE; BRITAIN; DEMOGRAPHY; HABITAT USE; MAMMALIA; SMALL MAMMAL...] 260. Bellis,ED; Graves,HB (1971): Collision of vehicles with deer studied on Pennsylvania interstate road section. Highway Research News, . <<jw 2034>> [HIGHWAY; MAMMALIA; MORTALITY; PENNSYLVANIA; UNGULATES] 261. Bellis,ED; Graves,HB (1971): Deer mortality on a Pennsylvania interstate highway. J. Wildl. Manage. 35, 232-237. <<.>> 791. Bendtsen,H (1999): The Nordic prediction method for road traffic noise. The Science of the Total Environment 235, 331-338. <<HC>> [MODEL; NOISE EFFECTS; NOISE MITIGATION; NOISE TRENDS; PREDICTION METHOD] 680. Bennett,AF (1988): Roadside vegetation: a habitat for mammals at Naringal, southwestern Victoria. Victor. Nat. 105, 106-113. [AUSTRALIA; MAMMALIA; ROADSIDE HABITAT] 506. Bennett,AF (1990): Habitat corridors and the conservation of small mammals in a fragmented forested environment. Landscape Ecol. 4, 109-122. [CORRIDOR FUNCTION; HABITAT CONNECTIVITY; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; MAM...] 111. Bennett,AF (1991): Roads, roadsides and wildlife conservation: a review. In: Nature Conservation 2: The Role of Corridors. 2nd ed. (Eds: Saunders,DA; Hobbs,RJ) Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Limited, Australia, 99-118. <<HC>> [DISPERSAL; HABITAT DISTURBANCE; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; IMPACT ASSES...] 119. Bennett,AF (1991): What types of organism will use corridors? In: Nature Conservation 2: The Role of Corridors. 2nd ed. (Eds: Saunders,DA; Hobbs,RJ) Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Limited, Australia, 407-408. <<HC>> [HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; POPULATION DENSITY; SPECIES DIVERSITY; TRAVE...] 35. Bennett,AF; Henein,K; Merriam,G (1994): Corridor use and the elements of corridor quality: chipmunks and fencerows in a farmland mosiac. Biol. Conserv. 68, 155-165. <<HC>> [HABITAT QUALITY; MAMMALIA; SMALL MAMMALS; TRAVEL CORRIDOR] 527. Benson,CW (1955): Nightjars on roads at night. Ibis 97(2), 370-371. <<pp>> [INCOMPLETE] ^^^INCOMPLETE^^^^^^INCOMPLETE^^^^^^INCOMPLETE^^^ 721. Beringer,JJ; Seibert,SG; Pelton,MR (1990): Incidence of road crossing by black bears on Pisgah National Forest, North Carolina. Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 8, 85-92. <<HC>> [CROSSING FREQUENCY; HUNTING; MAMMALIA; NORTH CAROLINA; PERMEABILITY...] 293. Bernardino,FS; Dalrymple,DH (1992): Seasonal activity and road mortality of snakes of the Pa-hay-okee wetlands of Everglades National Park, USA. Biol. Conserv. 62, 71-75. <<.>> [ACTIVITY; EVERGLADES NATIONAL PARK; HIGHWAY; MORTALITY; NATIONAL PA...] 217. Bertch,B (1991): Monitoring program mitigation measures: TransCanada Highway twinning. Summary report. Report to Parks Canada, Banff National Park Warden Service. 29 pp. <<HC>> [BANFF NATIONAL PARK; CROSSING STRUCTURES; HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION; MIT...] 528. Besadny,CD; Kabat,C; Rusch,AJ (1968): Practical aspects of a selective brush management program on Wisconsin roadsides. Trans. N. Amer. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 33, 236-249. <<pp>> 262. Beswick,B; Harrison,G (1987): A background paper on commercial trucking in Kootenay National Park. Environment Canada - Parks Canada. Unpubl. rept. <<jw-1759>> [KOOTENAY NATIONAL PARK; NATIONAL PARK; TRAFFIC - GENERAL; TRUCKING ...] 529. Bider,RJ (1962): Dynamics and the temporo-spatial relations of a vertebrate community. Ecology 43(4), 634-646. <<pp>> 733. Bielli,M; Carotenuto,P; Delle Site,V (1998): Transport and environment interactions: the Italian framework. Transport. Res. 3, 389-397. <<HC>> [HIGHWAY; IMPACT ASSESSMENT; ITALY; MITIGATION; PLANNING; POLLUTION ...] 707. Bishop,SC; Chapin,FS (1989): Patterns of natural revegetation on abandoned gravel pads in arctic Alaska. J. Appl. Ecol. 26, 1073-1081. <<HC>> [ALASKA; DISPERSAL; GRAVEL PADS; REVEGETATION; SEED SOURCE; SPECIES ...] 573. Blair,JG; Tate,GI (1972): Practical aspects of managing roadside cover for nesting pheasants. J. Wildl. Manage. 36(1), 1-11. <<pp>> 263. Blair,RM; Hays,JA; Brunett,L (1963): Stream-crossing structure for deer fence. J. Wildl. Manage. 27, 129-132. [EXCLUSION FENCE; MITIGATION; UNGULATES] 789. 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